Data and information presented herein is the result of the synthesizing analyzing process done by CBC based on the findings of a survey conducted with 500 SMEs in 10 provinces involved in the project, 2 additional provinces and Statistical Yearbook. The calculation method applied has been discussed and agreed with the PECSME Office, some experienced experts and it is described in other document.
Electricity, coal, and oil (FO, DO) are popular types of energy used in the brick industry. In some localities, producers revert to using firewood, rice husk, cashew nut peels and sawdust.
Coals, firewood, cashew nut peels, sawdust are used for drying and firing bricks. Electricity is used for running fans, machines, and lighting. Oil is used for running motors and transportation.
Fuels used in firing bricks vary from the North to the Central and the South.
The total production in 2005 was 16,728 million bricks. [Source: Yearly Statistical Book, 2005]
Value of the total production in 2005 was 3,847.440 billion VND (calculated according to comparative prices of 1994) equivalent to 351.145 million USD (at VND-USD exchange rate of 1994)
The energy consumption by the whole industry in 2005 was 761,367.44 TOE, which is divided as follows:
ü Coal: 1,569.8 thousand tons = 705,876.90 TOE
ü Electricity: 449.5 milliion kWh = 38,648.01 TOE
ü DO oil: 4.8 million liter = 4,469.19 TOE
ü FO oil: 3.2 million liter = 3,194.19 TOE
ü Firewood: 70.1 thousand m3 = 9,179.15 TOE
The total energy cost of the whole industry in 2005 was 1,226.3 billion VND, which is divided as follows:
ü Coal: VND 687.8 billion
ü Electricity: VND 436.9 billion
ü DO oil: VND 39.1 billion
ü FO oil: VND 25.8 billion
ü Firewood: VND 36.7 billion
The total amount of CO2 emission of the whole industry is about 3,149.9 thousand tons. [CBC, 2006]
Table 1: Energy use and CO2 emission per year of the brick industry in 2005 (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (thousand ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
449.5 |
436.9 |
185.643 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
1,569.8 |
687.8 |
2,902.370 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
million liter |
4.8 |
39.1 |
13.720 |
|
FO oil |
million liter |
3.2 |
25.8 |
10.243 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
thousand m3 |
70.1 |
36.7 |
37.920 |
|
|
Total |
1,226.3 |
3,149.896 |
Among 500 investigated enterprises in 12 provinces and cities, there are 134 enterprises in the brick industry.
Below is basic information about these 134 enterprises:
- Total production in 2005: 834.68 million of bricks, in which:
+ 135.26 million bricks (16.21%) were produced in 19 enterprises that use traditional kilns consuming mostly firewood and oil.
+ 699.42 million Bricks (83.79%) were produced in 115 enterprises that use coal for firing and firewood for kiln starting.
- Total energy cost: VND 68.66 billion /year
- Total amount of CO2 emission: 318.65 thousand tons /year,
- The ratio between average energy cost and production costs: 26.3%
- Average number of employees: 60 employees/enterprise,
- Average business capital: VND 2.8 billion /enterprise.
Classification of the investigated enterprises by ownership:
- State enterprises: 01 enterprise, accounting for 0.75 %;
- Joint stock companies: 16 enterprises, accounting for 11.94%;
- Limited companies: 09 enterprises, accounting for 6.72 %;
- Private enterprises: 104 enterprises, accounting for 78.61 %;
- Cooperatives: 03 cooperatives, accounting for 2.24 %;
- Foreign joint ventures: 01 enterprise, accounting for 0.75 %.
_EN.gif)
Figure 1: Investigated enterprises classified by ownership
Location of the investigated enterprises:
- Hanoi city: 0 enterprises, accounting for 0%;
- Hai Duong province: 25 enterprises, accounting for 18.66 %;
- Hung Yen province: 15 enterprises, accounting for 11.19 %;
- Hai Phong city: 08 enterprises, accounting for 5.97 %;
- Bac Ninh province: 15 enterprises, accounting for 11.19 %;
- Nam Dinh city: 20 enterprises, accounting for 14.93 %;
- Da Nang city: 10 enterprises, accounting for 7.46 %;
- Hochiminh city: 5 enterprises, accounting for 3.37 %;
- Dong Nai province: 11 enterprises, accounting for 8.21 %;
- Binh Duong province: 10 enterprises, accounting for 7.46 %;
- Can Tho city: 09 enterprises, accounting for 6.72 %;
- Bac Giang province: 06 enterprises, accounting for 4.48 %.
_EN.gif)
Figure 2: Investigated enterprises classified by location
Classification of the enterprises by production technologies:
There are currently 3 types of technologies applied in the brick industry: technologies using traditional kiln, shaft vertical continuous kiln and tunnel kiln. These technologies greatly differ from one another in energy use and CO2 emission. One most noticeable feature is that enterprises in southern provinces often use firewood; rice husk, cashew nut peels, and dust saws as fuels for firing bricks in traditional kilns. This reduces energy costs, but emits large amount of CO2.
The investigated enterprises grouped by production technologies:
- VSCK: 40 enterprises
- Traditional kiln: 76 enterprises, including:
+ 57 enterprises use coal as fuel for firing
+ 19 enterprises use firewood and oil as fuel for firing bricks
- Tunnel kiln: 18 enterprises
The investigated enterprises grouped by type of fuel used:
- Group using coal as main fuel for firing bricks: 115 enterprises, including:
+ 57 enterprises use traditional kilns
+ 40 enterprises use VCSKs
+ 18 enterprises use tunnel kilns
- Group using firewood and oil as main fuel for firing: 19 enterprises
Classification of the enterprises by capital:
- Capital of VND 1 - 5 billion: 115 enterprises, accounting for 85.82 %;
- Capital of VND 5 - 10 billion: 09 enterprises, accounting for 6.72 %;
- Capital of over VND 10 billion to under VND 30 billion: 10 enterprises, accounting for 7.46 %.
_EN.gif)
Figure 3: Investigated enterprises classified by capital
Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 in the 134 investigated enterprises:
Table 2: Energy use and CO2 emission per year in 134 investigated brick enterprises (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (thousand ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
23.25 |
22.71 |
9.60 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
78.9 |
34.84 |
145.85 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
0.26 |
2.09 |
0.743 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
0.42 |
2.57 |
1.344 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
thousand m3 |
99.71 |
6.45 |
53.93 |
|
|
Total |
68.66 |
211.467 |
Energy use and CO2 emission in the enterprises grouped by production technology
Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 in the group of 40 enterprises using VSCK:
Table 3: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of 40 investigated brick enterprises using VSCK (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission
(ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
thousand kWh |
984.80 |
1.14 |
406.72 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
14.82 |
6.28 |
27,400.38 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
46.64 |
0.39 |
133.31 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
25.47 |
0.22 |
81.52 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
266 |
0.19 |
143.89 |
|
|
Total |
8.22 |
28,165.82 |
Table 4
: Energy use and CO2 emission/1000 bricks in 2005 of 40 investigated brick enterprises using VSCK (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
8.52 |
9,834 |
0.0035 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.128 |
54,395 |
0.2370 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.95 |
7,971 |
0.0027 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
1.47 |
12,663 |
0.0047 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.004 |
2,494 |
0.0022 |
|
|
Total |
87,357 |
0.2501 |
Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 in the group of 76 enterprises using traditional kilns:
Table 5: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of 76 investigated brick enterprises using traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
thousand kWh |
1,758.81 |
1.87 |
726.38 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
18.55 |
7.99 |
34,296.705 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
107.35 |
0.84 |
306.85 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
300.43 |
1.65 |
961.67 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
99,309 |
6.19 |
53,721.07 |
|
|
Total |
18,54 |
90,012.67 |
Table 6: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of 76 investigated brick enterprises using traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
6.514 |
6,925.9 |
0.0027 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.068 |
29,592.6 |
0.1260 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.397 |
3,111.1 |
0.0011 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
1.113 |
6,111.1 |
0.0036 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.368 |
22,925.9 |
0.1991 |
|
|
Total |
68.666,6 |
0.3325 |
Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 in the group of 18 enterprises using tunnel kilns:
Table 7: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of 18 investigated brick enterprises using tunnel kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND |
CO2 emission |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
thousand kWh |
20,504.49 |
19.7 |
8,468.35 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
45.52 |
20.57 |
84,160.79 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
102.59 |
0.86 |
293.24 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
92 |
0.70 |
294.49 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
133.80 |
0.06 |
72.37 |
|
|
Total |
41.89 |
93,289.24 |
Table 8: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of 18 investigated brick enterprises using tunnel kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
45.620 |
48,379.6 |
0.0188 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.101 |
45,812.9 |
0.1867 |
|
3
|
DO |
liter |
0.820 |
6,770.1 |
0.0023 |
|
FO |
liter |
1.230 |
8,874.7 |
0.0039 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.003 |
1,113.6 |
0.0016 |
|
|
Total |
110,950.9 |
0.2133 |
_EN.gif)
_EN.gif)
Figure 4: Comparison of energy use and CO2 emission between groups of SMEs using different production technologies
Energy use and CO2 emission in enterprises grouped by fuel:
Energy use and CO2 emission in the group of 115 enterprises using coal for firing bricks:
Table 9: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 in the 115 enterprises using coal for firing bricks (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
22.43 |
21.80 |
9,263.59 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
78.59 |
34.32 |
145,303.40 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
0.24 |
1.95 |
686.03 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
0.16 |
1.29 |
512.16 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
thousand m3 |
3.30 |
1.83 |
1,785.13 |
|
|
Total |
61.19 |
157,550.31 |
Table 10
: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of the 115 enterprises using coal for firing bricks (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
32.07 |
31,168.68 |
0.0132 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.112 |
49,069.23 |
0.2070 |
|
3 |
DO |
liter |
0.343 |
2,788.02 |
0.0010 |
|
FO |
liter |
0.228 |
1,844.38 |
0.0007 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.005 |
2,616.45 |
0.0027 |
|
|
Total |
87,486.76 |
0,2246 |
Energy use and emission in 2005 of the 57 enterprises using coal for firing bricks in traditional kilns:
Table 11: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 57 enterprises using coal for firing bricks in traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
940.93 |
0.96 |
388.60 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
18.25 |
7.47 |
33.742.04 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
89.84 |
0.70 |
256.80 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
45.48 |
0.37 |
145.58 |
|
5 |
Firewood |
m3 |
2,898 |
1.58 |
1,567.66 |
|
|
Total |
11,08 |
36,100.68 |
Table 12
: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of the 57 enterprises using coal for firing bricks in traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
6.970 |
7,111 |
0.0029 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.135 |
55,333 |
0.2500 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.665 |
5,185 |
0.0019 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
0.336 |
2,740 |
0.0011 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.021 |
11,703 |
0.0114 |
|
|
Total |
82,072 |
0.2673 |
Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 19 enterprises using firewood and oil for firing bricks in traditional kilns:
Table 13: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 19 enterprises using firewood and oil for firing bricks in traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
thousand kWh |
817.880 |
0.912 |
337.78 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
0.298 |
0.519 |
550.96 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
17.512 |
0.143 |
50.05 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
254.952 |
1.275 |
816.10 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
96,411.000 |
4.613 |
52,153.41 |
|
|
Total |
7,462 |
53,908.30 |
Table 14
: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of the 19 enterprises using firewood and oil for firing bricks in traditional kilns (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
6.046 |
6,743 |
0.00250 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.002 |
3,837 |
0.00370 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.129 |
1,057 |
0.00040 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
0.002 |
9,426 |
0.00001 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.713 |
34,105 |
0.38570 |
|
|
Total |
55,168 |
0.39231 |
Ratio between energy cost and production cost:
ü VSCK: 27%
ü Traditional kiln: 32%
ü Tunnel kiln: 20%
Energy use and CO2 emission in enterprises grouped by capital ranges:
Table 15: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 114 enterprises in 1-5 VND billion capital range (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
2.74 |
2.98 |
1,131.62 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
33.34 |
14.23 |
61,641.63 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
154.00 |
1.24 |
440.20 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
325.90 |
1.86 |
1,043.20 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
thousand m3 |
83.79 |
5.70 |
45,326.09 |
|
|
Total |
26.01 |
109,582.74 |
Table 16: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of the 114 enterprises in 1-5 VND billion capital range (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
7.25 |
7,889.44 |
0.0030 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.088 |
37,673.41 |
0.1600 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.407 |
3,282.86 |
0.0012 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
0.863 |
4,924.28 |
0.0028 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.222 |
15,090.54 |
0.1201 |
|
|
Total |
68,860.53 |
0.2871 |
Table 17: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 11 enterprises in 5-10 VND billion capital range (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
million kWh |
5.74 |
5.59 |
2,370.62 |
|
2 |
Coal |
thousand ton |
22.39 |
8.35 |
41,396.40 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
thousand liter |
76.39 |
0.66 |
218.36 |
|
FO oil |
thousand liter |
24.00 |
0.18 |
76.82 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
thousand m3 |
15.78 |
0.68 |
8,536.17 |
|
|
Total |
15.46 |
52,598.37 |
Table 18: Energy use and CO2 emission/ 1000 bricks in 2005 of the 11 enterprises in 5-10 VND billion capital range (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Electricity |
kWh |
33.626 |
32,747 |
0.0100 |
|
2 |
Coal |
ton |
0.131 |
48,916 |
0.2400 |
|
3 |
DO oil |
liter |
0.447 |
3,866 |
0.0013 |
|
FO oil |
liter |
0.141 |
1,054 |
0.0005 |
|
4 |
Firewood |
m3 |
0.092 |
3,983 |
0.0500 |
|
|
Total |
90,566 |
0.3135 |
Table 19: Energy use and CO2 emission in 2005 of the 9 enterprises in 10-30 VND billion capital range (Sum and breakdown by energy types)
|
No. |
Types of energy |
Energy use |
Cost
(billion VND) |
CO2 emission (ton) |
|
Unit |
|